Zika virus is recognized as a human pathogen of importance for the first time since 2007, when an outbreak of rash and fever occurs on yap island and leads to 49 confirmedand 59 probablecases of zika virus infection in human beings. That showed us that the active circulation of the zika virus already was in this part of central africa, far away from the zika forest. Zika spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Zika virus diagnosis would thereafter be confirmed by laboratory testing for the presence of zika virus rna in the blood or other body fluids, such as urine or saliva.
Zika virus history discovered in 1947 in the zika forest in uganda when an rhesus monkey contracted an unknown febrile ilness. With multiple cases of zika virus confirmed in us travelers, we take a look at the history of this virus has spread around the world. In response, the naval infectious diseases diagnostic laboratory niddl, with the assistance of the centers for disease control and prevention cdc, 14 provided support to military treatment facilities mtfs in testing patients for zikv and other arboviruses e. Aug 17, 2016 the first formal description of zika virus zika was published in 1952 but interest in the virus was limited for many years. May 26, 2016 the zika virus is a member of the virus family flaviviridae and the genus flavivirus. Symptoms may include fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash. Zika virus zikv was discovered in the zika forest of uganda during research supported by the rockefeller foundation to study the enzootic or sylvatic cycle of yellow fever virus and to identify additional arboviruses. The emerging zika pandemic what hospitality industry needs to know u. Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and is named after the zika forest in uganda. Apr 08, 2016 to get a better understanding of how zika was discovered, how it spread, and what discoveries are made, heres a brief history of the virus, with information from the who. The lipid envelope is covered with dense projections that consist of a membrane and envelope glycoproteins. Originally endemic to africa, southeast asia, and the pacific islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in many locations.
History, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation article pdf available in journal of neuroimmunology 308 march 2017 with 145 reads how we measure reads. Whopaho release an epidemiological alert for possible zika virus infection in brazil. Dec 15, 2017 in brief, zika virus zikv was first isolated in 1947 from a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey no. The first report of zika virus outside africa and asia was in 2007 when the virus was associated with a small outbreak in yap state, part of the federated states of. Oct 16, 2015 the zika virus first comes to the attention of the world in 1947. Nov 08, 2016 the history of zika i first found out that the zika virus is not new. In most cases, zika virus infection causes a mild, selflimited illness. Criteria set forth by the fda for testing according to emergency use authorization eua requires that the following three questions be answered before testing can be performed. Brazils national reference laboratory confirms zika virus is circulating in the country. Since zika virus was first isolated in 1947, the disease has spread outside of africa, mainly into southeast asia.
The history of zika i first found out that the zika virus is not new. The history of zika virus is a digital timeline with videos, infographics, documents, studies, and maps, that depict the story of the disease from when it was first identified in 1947 to 2016, when who announced a public health emergency. History and emergence of zika virus pubmed central pmc. History of zika virus discovery and early characterizations of distribution, transmission cycles and disease. Zika virus frequently asked questions what is zika virus zika. The zika forest is protected for scientific research on viral diseases like zika and yellow fever. As of 2016, there is no medication or vaccine that can prevent the zika virus. A new chapter in the history of medicine article in acta medica portuguesa 286.
A blood sample from this monkey was collected on day 3 of fever and was inoculated intracerebrally into swiss mice. Historically, zikv spread eastward from equatorial africa and asia to the pacific islands during the late 2000s to early 2010s, invaded the caribbean and central and. These cases are found in uganda and in the united republic of tanzania. As of 2016, there is no medication or vaccine that can prevent the zika virus pregnant women who get the zika virus can spread the virus to their fetuses. Over the past decade, zika has begun to spread outside of tropical regions of africa and asia with serious resulting complications. Consider the possibility of zika virus infection in travelers with acute fever, rash, arthralgia, or conjunctivitis within 2 weeks after return. History and emergence of zika virus the journal of. Miscarriage associated with zika virus infection to the editor. Zika virus pdf download ias mains important topics. The objectives of zika virus net are to be the public and professional information resource for zika fever and to serve as a network in the exchange of information and news related to zika.
Pdf 1 page collection and submission of specimens for testing at time of birth. Zika is a viral infection that is usually spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. The majority of people infected with zika virus are asymptomatic. A rhesus monkey living in the zika forest hence the name in uganda, contracted an unknown febrile illness. Zika virus is a single stranded rna arbovirus of the flaviviridae family that is related to other mosquitoborne viruses such as yellow fever, dengue and west nile. Federal health oicials expect the number of zika cases to rise given the magnitude of recent outbreaks and the number of people returning to the country from afected regions. Infection with zika virus may be suspected based on symptoms and recent history e. Aug 23, 2018 zika virus is a single stranded rna arbovirus of the flaviviridae family that is related to other mosquitoborne viruses such as yellow fever, dengue and west nile. Zika virus zikv, a previously obscure flavivirus closely related to dengue, west nile, japanese encephalitis and yellow fever viruses, has emerged explosively since 2007 to cause a series of epidemics in micronesia, the south pacific, and most recently the americas. Dec 11, 2018 the prevalence of zika virus infection was 7. The virus name comes from the zika forest of uganda, where the virus was. Health information for preparedness, response, recovery from zika virus concerns guillainbarre, microcephaly, birth defects. Zika virus is related to west nile virus and the the viruses that cause dengue fever, yellow fever, and japanese encephalitis. Zika fever also known as zika virus disease is an illness caused by zika virus.
Outbreaks typically occur in tropical africa and southeast asia. Until 2007, sporadic cases of zika virus illness in humans were reported. The virus is a member of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, and is transmitted to humans by aedes species mosquitoes. To describe salient epidemiological characteristics of zika virus outbreaks across the world and to examine the clinical presentations, complications, and atypical manifestations related to their occurrence in recent history. Jun 03, 2016 history of zika virus pdf written by desain rumah friday, june 3, 2016 add comment edit. Zika virus provides an authoritative account of one of most fascinating viruses of the 21st century, covering all the main points. Zika virus net is the web resource for anyone interested in zika virus. Zika virus zikv, a mosquitoborne positivestranded rna virus of the family flaviviridae genus flavivirus, is now causing an unprecedented largescale outbreak in the americas.
Zika virus causes an illness that is like a mild form of dengue fever. This document is a draft and the information contained. First identified in uganda in 1947 in monkeys, zika was later identified in humans in 1952. For people whose partner traveled to an area with risk of zika. The history of flaviviruses around the world, including zika, chikungunya, even dengue virus and japanese encephalitis, all these viruses are, in principle, pretty stable. Zika virus was originally identified in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda in 1947.
Most cases have no symptoms, but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever. This is the first report of locally acquired zika disease in the americas. The mosquitoborne zika virus irst triggered a global health alert in early 2016. Zika is a virus transmitted by the aedes mosquito, which also transmits dengue and chikungunya. It includes coverage of clinical manifestations, such as fever and fatigue, but also delves into neurological manifestations like acute demyelinating neuropathy. It can sometimes be spread by having sex with an infected partner. In 1952, the first human cases of zika were detected and since then, outbreaks of zika have been reported in tropical africa, southeast asia, and the pacific islands. Zika virus continues to circulate and cause locallytransmitted disease in. Zika virus igm antibody capture mac by elisa zika m eligibility arup needs additional information to perform zika virus igm antibody capture mac by elisa testing. Researchers catalog two more strains of the zika virus. Zika virus is spread to people through mosquito bites. To get a better understanding of how zika was discovered, how it spread, and what discoveries are made, heres a brief history of the virus, with information from the who.
In fact, it was not until 2007 that the first zika outbreak in humans was recorded. This pattern changed in 2007, when the first major outbreak of zika virus infection. History, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of zika. Historically, zikv spread eastward from equatorial africa and asia to the pacific islands during the late 2000s to early 2010s, invaded the caribbean and central and south america in 2015, and reached north america. Historically, symptomatic zika virus infections were limited to sporadic cases or small clusters of patients online technical appendix table 2. The first large outbreak of disease caused by zika infection was reported from the island of yap in 2007. In 2015, cases of zika virus infection emerged in the americas and the caribbean. The world health organization first identified in uganda in. Zika virus simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. I actually thought it was a brand new vectorborne virus. Jan 27, 2016 with multiple cases of zika virus confirmed in us travelers, we take a look at the history of this virus has spread around the world.
History of zika virus pdf written by desain rumah friday, june 3, 2016 add comment edit. History of zika virus initially identified in 1947 in a rhesus monkey in the zika valley in uganda through a yellow fever surveillance program first human case reported in uganda in the 1950s spread from northern africa to south east asia limited to smallscale epidemics until 2007 when it hit the yap islands history of zika virus. Detection of the virus in humans, mosquitoes or animals. It is spread by daytimeactive aedes mosquitoes, such as a. The zika virus is extracted from an aedes africanus mosquito captured in a tree platform located in the zika forest. Outbreaks of zika have occurred in areas of africa, southeast asia, the pacific islands, and the americas. Guidance for carediagnosis of pregnant women, virus variation, etc.
A brief history of zika virus, from its discovery in the. Because the aedes species mosquitoes that spread zika virus are found throughout the world, it is likely that outbreaks will spread to new countries. Zika pregnancy registry cdc established the us zika pregnancy registry and is collaborating with state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to collect information about pregnancy and infant outcomes following laboratory evidence of zika virus infection during pregnancy. Mild fever skin rash conjunctivitis headache and joint pain onset is usually 27 days after the mosquito bite 1 in 4 people with zika infection develops symptoms patients with symptoms of zika infection. The zika virus first comes to the attention of the world in 1947. A brief history of zika virus, from its discovery in the zika. The flavivirus genus is comprised of enveloped, singlestranded rna viruses and includes more than 70 types of viruses, such as the yellow fever virus, the dengue virus, and the west nile virus zika virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito from the aedes genus, mainly aedes. In brief, zika virus zikv was first isolated in 1947 from a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey no. The first human cases of zika virus are cataloged by researchers.
Scientists isolated a new transmissible agent from the febrile rhesus monkey which was then named zika virus or zikv. Zika virus pdf download ias mains important topics introduction u. History of zika virus discovery and early characterizations of distribution, transmission cycles and disease zika virus zikv was discovered in the zika forest of uganda during research supported by the rockefeller foundation to study the enzootic or sylvatic cycle of yellow fever virus and to identify additional arboviruses. Zika is a member of the virus family flaviviridae and the genus flavivirus. Compiled by disaster information management research center, nlm, nih. Pregnant women in any trimester should consider postponing travel to.